Chemokines refer to some low molecular weight proteins (such as IL-8, MCP-1, etc.) that attract white blood cells to the site of infection and play an important role in the inflammatory response. Cytokines are synthesized by the stimulation of immune cells (such as monocytes, macrophages, T cells, B cells, NK cells, etc.) and certain non-immune cells (endothelial cells, epidermal cells, fibroblasts, etc.) A small molecule protein with broad biological activity. Peritoneal is a 30-100nm diameter nano-lipid inclusions structure, the internal package of protein, mRNA and microRNA and other substances, can also be wrapped in cytokines and chemokines.
The current study of the relationship between inflammation and cancer is relatively complete, but also that our immune response is not just to protect us from infection and cause cancer. In recent years, scholars have found a number of specific mechanisms that link chronic inflammation and promote cancer formation and metastasis. Here, we focus on the ability of the tumor to adjust the immune system and promote or relapse in the inflammatory cascade. The authors focused on the role of cytokines, chemokines and exosomes in the induction of inflammation and tumorigenesis. In general, inflammation is an important driver of tumor progression and an important part of the tumor microenvironment. Inflammation is involved in the ten characteristics that are reasonably put into cancer. Depending on the type of inflammation produced by the pathogen can promote the occurrence of the tumor, including treatment caused by inflammation, microenvironmental irritation caused by inflammation and so on. The progress of exosomes research has promoted our team's understanding of the vesicle effect in the tumor microenvironment. The extracorporeal vesicles secreted by tumor cells provide a means of transporting a variety of normal intercellular molecules into immune and inflammatory cells and thus play a role. Tumor cells often produce large amounts of exoskeletal vesicles, so exosomes may represent a new mechanism of cancer and inflammatory cells.
Hypoxia is a common phenomenon in many solid tumors. Due to high proliferation, low blood pressure, environmental acidification, vascular system abnormalities and other factors caused by hypoxia, and then activate the hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). HIF-1al can be used as a good example of the activation of transcription factors or signaling pathways in the synthesis of HIF-1al by activation of PI3K and MAPK signaling pathways, tumor and tumor microenvironment. In addition, the mechanism of inflammation and transformation between tumors also includes oncogenic mutations, which directly lead to overexpression of inflammatory mediators. At the same time, IL-1, IL-6 and other cytokines also promote the survival of tumor cells, allowing them to overcome the aging, promote tumor microenvironment remodeling, tumor progression and anti-cancer treatment failure.
Origins on the surface of epithelial cells and associated with micro-organisms can change the barrier of the epithelial cell layer and promote the sensitivity of the immune cells inside the tumor to symbiotic microorganisms and pathogenic microorganisms. The infection itself can directly cause immune activation, promote tumor growth. In general, the carcinogenic events begin to activate, the multiple molecular mechanisms will jointly increase the chemokines and cytokines.
Chemokines are cytokines with chemotaxis that can be signaled by separating the violet-like receptors from other family-derived cytokine receptors. Although it was originally thought that it was only a regulator of cell motility, it was also found that it was able to adjust a variety of functions, not just to regulate cell migration. Chemokines and chemokine receptors are produced by tumor microenvironmental cells and tumor cells and can stimulate tumor growth through autocrine and paracrine. At the same time, the significance of chemokines on tumor metastasis is significant and can directly regulate the viability of the spread of cancer seeds and their survival, or by affecting immune cells and stromal cells to assist in the process of metastasis.
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